it's been almost a week since i've done any academic work and i'm still thinking like a student
What follows is not a rant or lecture, it's a question. Feel free to discuss and share and express
The examples assume a western Christian reader but is not exclusive. In fact, the question is a general question and is not limited to Christmas or Christian traditions. If you have any examples or ideas outside of this season--by all means share them
Cultural Diffusion, Christmas, and You!
Cultural diffusion is a term described by Kroeber which describes the movement of a artifact, mentifact or sociofacts from one culture to another. Generally this describes the absorption, adoption, or assimilation of a tradition, value, or symbol by another culture. There are several different mechanisms for diffusion including direct, forced, and indirect. An example of direct would be intermarriage between two distinct cultures which exposes a group to someone they would not otherwise have interacted with. Indirect diffusion is more removed, filtered through a middleman, the Rolling Stones, for example listened to and were inspired by Muddy Waters, who electrified the blues in Chicago after moving from the Mississippi Delta. Then, there is forced diffusion, where one group is forced to accept the ideas and symbols of others.
Modern day Christianity is, in part, due to forced diffusion. While there was some diffusion from pagans who willingly converted, there was also a very large campaign by the medieval church to convert as many as possible. This very expansive religion is not alone in conquering and converting, but for right now, they are our example of cultural diffusion regardless of mechanism. It is Christmas after all.
One of the most interesting lines I hear during this season is that Christmas traditions were stolen from the Pagans. Well, yes and no. The truth is, no one knows for sure where many of these traditions came from. There are many theories and much lore surrounding something as simple as the Christmas tree.
Generally, that particular tradition is traced back to Northern Germany and one story posits that it was actually a disproving of Pagan beliefs while another uses an evergreen as a symbol of Christs ever loving life. Yet we see some traditions with the tree that very closely mirror Yule traditions such as the decorating of the tree. Yet, many Pagans would shun cutting down a tree and putting it in your house because it belongs growing outside serving its purpose there. Instead, they would suggest decorating the tree in edibles for the wildlife as an offering.
So what we see here is actually diffusion and evolution of tradition, not theft. We also see intense Christian symbols in the Christmas tree, from the use of an evergreen to the use of lights to the star used as a tree topper. Each of these has long been associated with other Christian symbols. Christ is the light, he is ever present, and the star guided the three kings to his manger.
Placed under this tree are usually gifts, not offerings to a god but tokens of charity, generosity, and love. When children are present, we generally attribute the gifts to Santa.
Santa Clause, also known as Father Christmas, Kris Kringle or Saint Nicholas of Myra was a 4th century bishop who was known for his charity and kindness. As the stories of Saint Nicholas diffused north from Asia Minor parallels were drawn between him and the Norse figure of Odin. In these cultures, children would set out their shoes filled with treats for Odins great steed who he flew in the night with. Those children would be rewarded with tokens from him and so we see this same tradition adopted when we leave milk and cookies for Santa.
As these ideas move from culture to culture we see different variations on this jolly night visitor, each adding or changing small portions of the lore. We could discuss each European nations view of Santa Claus for days but the core of the idea is the same: he is a charitable and somewhat mystical visitor who leaves gifts for children who have expressed at least one good deed.
So what does this all mean for you?
No matter how you slice it, these traditions are the blending and convergence of religious ideas and rituals from different cultures, and thats pretty neat in a way. What Christians experience when celebrating Christmas is the convergence of their faith and of a culture that has unfortunately been largely lost in much the way that many ancient cultures have been lost.
The question, of course, is then is this a preservation or a perversion of the assimilated culture?
Discuss.
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